The Physics Of Splicing And Splicing - 1446 Words

3. Conclusions Compared to the molecular methods, the optics-based method offers several advantages such as the kinetic study of splicing and splicing inhibition, study of cis–trans alternative splicing, and rapid measurement of RNA splic-ing. The kinetics of pre-mRNA splicing and the effect of isoginkgetin on the splicing kinetics of the pre-mRNA at the single molecule level were analyzed. Because of their high temporal resolution and the ability to follow the splicing of individual pre-mRNA molecules, the optics-based methods provide the evidences about the relative stabilities of weakly stabilized RNA molecules and their lifetimes. This observation attributed to the formation of mRNA molecules that are the results of the splicing of pre-mRNA. The kinetics and course of monitoring of pre-mRNA splicing was directly reached by 10 min, and are not able to be monitored by the conventional assay. The appearance of scattering intensity and SERS spectra indicates the success in monitoring RNA spl icing; and the RNA splicing inhibition assay confirms that the optics-based methods can be used in study of RNA splicing inhi-bition. Moreover, the optics-based methods are able to detect alternative splicing, the RNA splicing for multi exon–intron pre-mRNA, generation of microRNA from intron of RNA processing events (e. g., maturation of microRNAs), and the siRNA maturation from the processing of host mRNAs, which are hot topics for the re-search of cancer, molecular immunology, andShow MoreRelatedRecent Advancements On HIV And Technology1400 Words   |  6 Pageswritten and people have long speculated upon what could be controlled with access to DNA-for example, height, hair color, eye color, athletic ability, and intelligence, just to name a few. Then a few years ago there became a new method for genetic â€Å"splicing† this method became known as CRISPR which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated system. This process is v ery precise and can act like a robot and seek out certain sequences which may be set up for a diseaseRead MoreSummary of the Universe in a Nutshell Essay1812 Words   |  8 Pages(E=MC2). His General Theory of Relativity pushed forth the idea that space and time were not independent, but rather connected in some fabric which is curved Link to the Course: The equation E=MC2 is looked at within the final unit of study for our physics course. In addition, this chapter looks heavily at the contradiction between the works of Einstein and Newton. Newton, and the laws which he advocated, are virtually the main fixture of our course. His perspective of a flat universe with a timelineRead MoreThe Benefits of Science and Technology3197 Words   |  13 PagesShocked at such a bold claim, many people overlook the benefits that such a discovery could endow on humanity. Instead, they say that by acting in such a manner, we humans are trying to play the role of God. However, according to Capra of Tao of Physics, Science is trying to find the basic stuff that constitutes the reality. This research has shed enormous amount of light on life. Though only a piece of the great jigsaw puzzle of life, it leads us one step closer to the whole picture. UnderstandingRead MoreSeminar-Report-on- Optical Fiber Communications7997 Words   |à ‚  32 Pages60 seconds. other delay in communication will be due to communication equipment switching and decoding, encoding the voice of the fiber. 6.2 Snells Law:- In order to understand ray propagation in a fiber. We need one more law from high school physics. This is Snells law. n1 sin .01 = n2 sin .02 Where n denotes the refractive index of the material.01/02 are angles in respective medium. Higher Refractive Index means denser medium. 1) When light enters in lighter medium from denser itRead MoreThe Engineering And Technology Field3957 Words   |  16 Pagesengineering/technology field encompasses a plethora of individual specializations. In this world of abounding technology and bustling development, one area of engineering remains almost entirely research-based: Aerospace Engineering. A perfect combination of physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, and technology; it presents a new outlook towards the common engineer. Who hasn t wondered what really lies beyond our atmosphere? Aerospace engineering provides humanity with the only conceptualization of theRead More50 Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods14312 Words   |  58 Pagesincluding Michael Hansen, Ph.D., who states that Genetic engineering, despite the precise sound of the name, is actually a very messy process. IMPACT ON FARMING The decline in the number of farms is likely to accelerate in the coming years...gene-splicing technologies... change the way plants and animals are produced. Jeremy Rifkin Small Farm Livelihood and Survival 32. Decline and Destruction of Self-Sufficient Family Farms: In 1850, 60% of the working population in the US was engaged in agriculture

Ruthless James Stuart Mill on Liberty Essay Topics Strategies Exploited

Ruthless James Stuart Mill on Liberty Essay Topics Strategies Exploited This wouldn't have been achieved with only a totally free vote in parliament. Personally, it's tough to imagine any kind of free expression meriting the ire of the general public. It is a really fine statue. Once you mention the term equality, you need to define it. However, absolutely free speech doesn't mean giving bigots a completely free pass. Whichever candidate receives the vast majority of votes no matter the margin receives all the electorates. He said that freedom of speech proved to be a critical way to come up with talents and realise an individual's potential and creativity. The True Meaning of James Stuart Mill on Liberty Essay Topics The requirements of the many are not pertinent to them, and whether or not it comes to it, they can go where they will need to survive. We have to embrace the fact that Medicare for All is the most suitable strategy for an array of reason. Obviously, we wouldn't like in order to do just whatever we would like. At the close of the day, it's going to be just my private list that happens to make sense for me. This will be finished in two steps. Everyone should tell the remainder of the world what your feeling are there is not any time left to hold back. Fully being a private matter doesn't signify that marriage occurs in private. Mill's claim about the demand for dissent in order to genuinely understand an individual's own opinions is hereby less convincing. Mill states it is acceptable to harm oneself provided that the individual doing so isn't harming others. In competitive circumstances, Mill states that the harm principle shouldn't be enforced whatsoever times because when there's a winner, there'll inevitably be a loser who's harmed. The only justification for an individual's preference for a specific moral belief is the fact that it is that person's preference. His very first argument is that the suppressed opinion could possibly be true. Because an unpopular opinion might wind up being the correct one. First, it may be right. Ulysses is arguably the richest novel in the previous 150 decades. It's the art of government. Well, to begin with, the subject of private liberty ought to be approached rationally. Political censorship has occurred in lots of ways as soon as it comes to the kind of work and criticism by cartoonists like Vilma Vargas. Rape was a crime against the individual, for instance, since it is across the developed world today. To some folks, Utilitarianism appears to be the sole ethical philosophy that's obviously accurate. In his very first chapter, Mill provides a concise summary of the significance of liberty. Quite simply, Mill believed that we need to find a means to cater to individuals and make them happy. The New Angle On James Stuart Mill on Liberty Essay Topics Just Released The majority implements a 1 size fits all notion which their beliefs ought to be good enough for all individuals. It's an understood concept. To begin with, individuals are somewhat more likely to abandon erroneous beliefs if they're engaged in an open exchange of ideas. Asking individuals to create choices, ask questions, and interpret human experience is very similar to custom in the manner it asks people to live their lives to a specific standard and fulfill certain obligations. Mill provides detailed instructions about how to cultivate the crucial individuality that results in societal growth. This is a much healthier basis on which to create intra-firm productivity. Using James Stuart Mill on Liberty Essay Topics Finally, there's the financial case for a Basic Income. It would be no exception. It is not an economic magic bullet but it is possible to see significant potential macro and micro economic benefits. Find more information regarding the Kindle Personal Document Service. What to Expect From James Stuart Mill on Liberty Essay Topics? But, the best way to express those arguments ought to be a public speech or writing, not in a manner which causes actual harm to others. Moreover, the truth of a belief is integral to whether it's desirable in order for it to be believed. He is among the greatest 19th century thinkers. Though an axiom can't be proven, it's something which we assume to true as it appears to be self-evident, and this also permits us to move forward in establishing an argument. Utilitarianism is a philosophy that has existed for centuries, and is still active and popular in today's world. Capitalism rests on the grounds that effective competition is the very best method of guiding individual efforts.

Mental Health Nursing Co-Morbitates

Question: Describe about the Mental Health Nursing for Co-Morbitates. Answer: Introduction Mental health issues in modern times are surging with every passing day attributable to various factors indirectly impacting our social lives and attitudes. Motivational interviewing (MI) is an important aspect of clinical psychological practice and aimed towards fostering and eliciting intrinsic motivation within the targeted individual through behavioral alterations and modifications achieved by virtue of effective communication from the healthcare professionals. MI essentially follows a collaborative approach to enhance the persons inherent level of motivation thereby paving the way for positive change in behavior of the individual concerned to procure effective outcomes pertaining to mental health (Miller Rollnick, 2012). The problems related to alcoholism, substance abuse and addiction are identified to be rampant in present days and affect the social interaction as well as health of the individual extensively. Efforts are in progress to counteract these debilitating mental hea lth problems prevalent mostly among the adolescents, youths and men. Utilization of the dual therapeutic modes of cognitive behavioral therapy in conjunction with MI has been reported to be clinically significant in cases of co-morbidities in relation to alcohol abuse and depressive disorders (Riper et al., 2014). The healthcare providers including the physicians, nurses, psychiatrists, counselors adopt the MI technique to deal with the patients and their situational variance. These professionals generally undergo rigorous training to successfully deal with the diversified and person-centric problems of the individual patients. More recently, live teleconferencing supervision through MI has been implemented by substance abuse clinicians to interact and monitor the progress of their patients (Smith et al., 2012). In keeping with the data available from relevant researches, evidence based practices and specific requirements of the patients, suitable guidelines for clinical practice ar e recommended by the competent authorities with special emphasis being given to MI. Reasons for people getting involved in alcohol Consumption and gambling Issues pertaining to alcoholism, drug abuse and addiction have inflicted our society vigorously. The problems are complex and multi factorial. However no distinct reason can be assigned to the ensuing problems. The factors emanate out of multiple contributing factors mainly associated with environmental, sociological and psychological underpinnings. The problems pertaining to alcoholism and drug abuse occurs due to reasons attributable to psychosocial and environmental triggers. The common reasons as to why people use alcohol, drugs may be reported to be for recreational purpose, peer pressure to indulge in the joy of drinking or experiencing the high due to usage of drugs and to ease sufferings resulting from anxiety, bipolar disorder and depression like other mental health issues. Continuous use of the illegal drugs lead to drug dependency that ultimately culminate in the addiction issue, a major threat to live a normal life. Perceptions influencing their actions for malpractice of alcohol and drugs follow the rational that the family members, friends, role models or entertainers engage in drinking or substance abuse, therefore it is normal. Imitating behaviors normally implicate towards change in lifestyle attitudes and practices that may cause alcoholism, drug abuse among other effects. Prescribed drugs following injuries often lead to unintentional addiction. Alcoholism and drug abuse are often attached to the effect of stress relieving. Gambling is another menace that occurs as an additional negative impact of these malpractices. The adolescent and youth population are particularly vulnerable to such nuances of alcohol and drug abuse. In this context, investigations and reports regarding interventional strategies may be referred to for effectively managing these conditions. Studies conducted on college students suggest the efficacy and reliability of using the MI micro-skills to abate alcohol drinking habits among the chosen population (Tollison et al., 2013). Group MI with due importance being given to change talk has been identified as yet another fruitful strategy to treat adolescent alcohol and drug abuse issues thereby fostering positive behavioral change (DAmico et al., 2015). Reports also convey the importance of practicing MI in mitigating the hazardous alcohol drinking among the patients suffering from depression as obtained from the results of a randomized study (Satre et al., 2013). Evaluation of MI inter ventional boosting approach upon the older teens and evolving adults, subjected to a one year program for prevention of drug abuse and alcoholism support the implementation of this strategy to ameliorate the circumstances relevant to the targeted population (Sussman et al., 2012). Investigations concerning group MI intervention targeted to adolescents and youth at risk for alcohol and drug abuse through randomized controlled trials reveal the feasibility of the interventional strategy to prevent the repercussions of the malpractices (DAmico et al., 2013). Therefore, however broad and multitude the causative factors that endorse such behavioral outcomes related to substance abuse, gambling or alcoholism might seem, timely interventions applied pragmatically might resolve the issues optimally. A holistic outlook from the healthcare workers in this regard is imperative to reduce instances of such incidences in the society and foster improved health status among the concerned population . Challenges of nurse to work with alcoholic people Issues pertaining to mental health have extensive implications in the healthcare framework in terms of provision of healthcare service by the healthcare personnel actively engaged in the job. Roles of the nurses and physicians are particularly relevant in this matter. The problems concerning alcoholism, gambling and drug abuse are very much nagging and involve complicated interactions of a number of factors encompassing sociological, psychological and environmental aspect. The healthcare professionals play the vital responsibility of identifying and rendering accessibility to treatment for patients with substance abuse disorders. Healthcare delivery systems in the developed nations assess the attitudes and approaches of the workers to fulfill the demands of the patient welfare. Consequences of negative attitudes of the healthcare professionals have been reported to profoundly impact the mode of treatment being offered. Optimal healthcare facility for the patients previously exposed t o substance abuse is crucial to enable better outcomes among the ill persons and the healthcare providers serve the vital functions of ensuring improved care service. However negative approach from the concerned healthcare staff negates the scope for maximal patient outcome and end up in suboptimal facility of healthcare. Lack of proper education and training apart from dearth of support for working with this particular group on the part of the health service providers hinder the recovery and treatment of such patients. Negative attitudes terminate in overlooking the feelings of empowerment as experienced by the patients undergoing treatment and consecutive positive benefits harbored out of the treatment modality. Diminished empathy and less personal involvement with the patients are other factors influencing the negative approach among the healthcare providers. Challenges encountered by the health workers in treating these patients include violence, insufficient motivation and manipulative behaviors of the victims of alcoholism and drug abuse (Van Boekel et al., 2013). The facilities offered to this sensitive population of alcoholics and drug abuse victims suffer from the major drawback of lack of integrity and complex interaction of several factors that hinder the patient treatment and betterment. R egistered nurses are commonly found to be acquainted with such patients and engage in a less friendly and hostile relationship. Dissonant care practice has emerged as a contributing factor impeding the service to the concerned patients in an atmosphere of distrust and detachment in conjunction with lack of adequate education. Illicit drug usage is a huge health burden globally and the physical disturbances and malfunctioning often result in hospitalization in medical wards where registered nurses are entitled to provide care and treatment to them. Similar reports of negative attitudes towards the concerned population by the nurses while dealing with the patients with prior exposure to drug abuse or alcoholism. The negative approaches are a major obstacle to nurse-patient relationship and smooth running of the health facility. Conflict of interest, aggressive behavior and untrustworthiness contribute to negativity in the nurses attitudes and practices. Lack of education has also been highlighted as a vital issue hindering the treatment of the affected population (Monks, Topping, Newell, 2013). In view of the above findings, the accountability and proficiency of the nurses and other healthcare professionals have been marked as essential prerequisite to ensure better patient outcomes among the concerned population. Apart from the physical health implications following drug abuse and alcoholism, mental health concerns causing different degree of psychological disturbances are also relevant. Several interventional strategies and techniques have been proposed to curb the negative impacts of such malpractices and disorders resulting from substance abuse and alcoholism. MI is one such interventio nal approach of goal oriented and person centric nature aimed to treat the patients through effective interactive sessions, thus eliciting intrinsic motivation in the patients to result in behavioral modification and subsequent improved health status (Arkowitz, Miller, Rollnick, 2015). Summarizing the situations encountered by the nurses and other healthcare workers in dealing with the cases pertinent to patients having drug abuse, alcoholism issues it can be mentioned that a breach of communication from both the patient and health service providers ends impede further development and innovation in terms of health service treatment promotion and implementation. Violent and hostile behaviors together with non-cooperative attitudes from the patients exacerbate the condition. However, lack of empathy and knowledge regarding the actual case scenarios of the concerned patients also augment the complication of the situations considered. The fundamental care giving practice on the part of the nurses is often ignored in the cases of this specific population pertaining to social stigma, personal beliefs and notions attached with the alcoholism and substance abuse issues. Co-existing addiction problems and mental health issues are never ending concerns of the present days and dynamic attempts should be fostered through holistic approach from the healthcare providers end to cater the demands of the vulnerable population. Contribution of motivational interview approach The gravity of the circumstances with respect to substance abuse and alcoholism can be assessed in the light of the growing number of alcoholics and substance abuse victims in the society. The concerns related to their physical as well as mental health have received much attention in the recent past with publication of a number of academic research articles and case studies relevant to their situations. The main purpose of motivational interview is to understand the need to each client at individual level. This also helps the nurse to realize the perspective of the client and value the feelings and the requirements. This is one of the major unique features of the motivational interviewing process. The motivational interview has similar purpose to that of the recovery progarmme, which helps the alcohol victim to overcome all the adverse effects.The central theme of all these studies focused on effective interventional strategies suited to individualized case setting to mitigate these brimming issues affecting the socio-cultural equilibrium particularly in the vulnerable population of adolescents and youths who lack enough maturity to measure the repercussions of such malpractices. Relevant to the above scenarios as mentioned motivational interviewing has been reported to bore beneficial outcomes in due course of the treatment of the concerned patients habituated to addiction and alcohol or drug dependency (Korman, Bavelas, De Jong, 2013). MI approach of treatment intervention is generally adopted in conjunction with other treatment modalities such as cognitive behavioral therapy and shared decision making process, each of the strategies possessing distinctive features that contribute to patient centered care on the basis clinical situation relevant to a particular patient. MI has been marked as a well accepted practice to accomplish person centered care where adequate medical evidences support for the behavioral change outcome in the patient and the most approp riate methods adopted for treatment is dependent on the preference of the care receiver (Elwyn et al., 2014). Healthcare workers in considerable numbers must therefore be recruited to train and educate the patients through MI and make a difference to their existing lifestyles. A study related to MI suggest the utilization of the innovative, two round based Virginia Reel approach complementary to 3 hours of basic MI instruction session in addition to the progressive medical care to teach and train the primary car residents in enhancing skills redressing substance misuse. Evaluation of the residents outcomes and feedbacks was indicative of the validity of this method (Cole eta l., 2012). Further studies approve that MI is the most successfully disseminated evidence based practice in the treatment of substance abuse of the patients. Although expert proficiency is achieved at the beginning of such studies, further probing depict that in absence of properly benchmarked competency levels and thorough understanding and knowledge about the presumed implications, the impact of training on the patient s desired outcomes cannot be conclusively analyzed and interpreted. Therefore, for sustainable practice outcomes policy makers as well as the healthcare service providers need to approach the situations with enough pragmatism and prudence abiding by the standard protocols of clinical intervention such as MI (Hall et al., 2015). MI as suggested from various studies is an optimistic and encouragement approach that addresses the intrinsic motivation present in a person to bring out positive effects subjected to behavioral change in such persons. Systemic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials report the efficacy and appropriateness of the MI methods in the medical care settings. The robustness of MI in terms of delivery location and characteristics of the patient was highlighted in such investigations. MI was found to be particularly effective when applied in brief consultations (Lundahl et al., 2013). Assessment of MI fidelity and competence has been executed by vir tue of observational measures. Client perceptions noted through qualitative interviews have been considered to determine the motivation to modulate ones behavior, opinion of the therapist and the safety of the method. Future directions to research through the findings of the studies applicable through the implementation and innovation of scales for client evaluation of MI, an important aspect of studying the patient outcomes and develop strategies accordingly have been reported in the studies (Madson eta l., 2013). Client speech affecting the patient outcomes has been identified as a major factor for assessing the efficacy of MI methods. Meta analysis and initial research analysis support this as a key causal factor to prove the validity of the MI approach. Therapist to client and client to outcome pathways govern the entire process of MI efficacy (Magill et al., 2014). Exploration of ambivalence among the alcoholics and substance abuse victims has been opined as a crucial part of r esearch and studies corroborate to this idea. In this context the evocation of change talk through MI has been particularly promising to help patients resolve the ambivalence related issues intended towards positive change in the person (Miller Rose, 2015). On an average three to four feedback or coaching sittings over time duration of 6 months has been reported to sustain the skills among trainees for MI, majorly for substance abuse problem treatment. Contrarily high rates of withdrawal from the training regime result in skill decline in post workshop phase (Schwalbe, Oh, Zweben, 2014). Motivational dialogue is an essential prerequisite to foster better treatment outcomes in patients through MI and healthcare professionals, registered nurses are continuously trained to encourage the patients for positive behavioral change through this particular technique. Numerous studies and relevant articles vouch for the applicability of MI in real case situations where the patients suffer fr om declining mental health status due to addictive substance abuse or alcoholism which significantly hamper their private and social lives (Tober Raistrick, 2014). Mindfulness based sobriety has been implicated as a vital aspect to deal with addiction recovery utilizing the relapse prevention concept in conjunction with the acceptance and commitment theory as well as MI (Turner, Welches, Conti, 2015). The hallmark features for effective motivational interviewing strategies encompass a wide variety of supportive actions undertaken in course of this dynamic and mutually responsive approach. It include seeking permission to start a conversation with the client, eliciting change talk linked to successful patient outcomes, exploring the importance of the proposed goals and ratings of the levels of confidence to evaluate the clients situation, presenting open ended questions from the therapists to build a rapport with the clients, promote reflective listening to invoke a sense of empathy and responsiveness with the clients, normalization to make the clients aware of the gradual ensuing changes, decisional balancing to consider the overall outcomes of the clients, adoption of the Columbo approach to deploy the discrepancies, assessment of the readiness to change by means of a definite ruler, affirmations and feedback from the therapists to allow better understanding of the needs of the c lients, summarizing of the information already gathered in order to relate with the clients previous opinions and experiences and ultimately pragmatically using therapeutic paradoxical statements to kindle the fire of arguing in favor of change for the clients. Thus relational sprit acting in a similar way to facilitate recovery, reflective listening as well as change talk are some of the crucial at the same time unique aspect of effective MI (Miller Rollnick, 2012). Context relevant to New Zealand focused on the roles and duties performed by the social workers volunteering for several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in co-operation with the healthcare workers to establish brief intervention service for mental health under the framework of primary healthcare setting where the extent and nature of the consumer feedback, the interface with other facility such as secondary healthcare service along with the ensuing changes in mental healthcare are considered with scopes for furth er evaluation and investigation (Taylor, 2015). The clinical practice guidelines meant to treat patients with schizophrenia and other mental health related disorders is targeted to cater to the needs and ensure respite for patients with similar clinical conditions inhabiting the New Zealand and Australian regions. Advocacy of congenial, collaborative approach together with optimization of the evidence based treatments and addressing the specific requirements of the patients under adverse conditions and encountering ancillary challenges are the prime objectives of such guiding principles (Galletly et al., 2016). Hence, for the proper addressing of the issues associated to mental health MI is of particular relevance and importance in terms of treating patients exposed to substance abuse, alcoholism, gambling and other malpractices. Conclusion With the advent of civilization and concomitant growth in the socio-economic condition and variable social conditions, the bothering issues of substance abuse, gambling, alcoholism have gained more prominence. The youth and the teenagers are particularly at the risk of exposure to such malpractices and negative health as well as social outcomes follows such actions. Referring to this burning crisis impacting the mental health proportionately, various novel and case appropriate therapeutic interventional strategies have been recommended in many of the previous and ongoing research findings. Motivational interviewing has been identified as one of the chief therapeutic practice moderating the mental health conditions in patients exposed to addiction and alcoholism. Positive health outcomes culminate out of this goal oriented, person centered collaborative approach of MI. Effective both way communication skills paying heed to the essential defining characteristics of MI paves the way for speedy recovery through positive behavioral modification achieved through shared decision making process. The healthcare professionals particularly the registered nurses who are actively engaged with the treatment of the patients by virtue of direct contact with the care receivers hold enormous responsibilities to ensure improved health outcomes in the concerned patients. MI should not be considered as an isolated mode of treatment, instead allied treatment regimes should be meticulously utilized for rendering faster and appropriate healthcare services suited for the targeted population. Attempts are in progress to albeit the mental health related disorders due to the above mentioned malpractices to gift a healthy and socially conforming lives to the stakeholder s affected by such adverse situations thereby offering hope for a better future for the society at large. References: Arkowitz, H., Miller, W. R., Rollnick, S. (Eds.). (2015).Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems. Guilford Publications. Cole, B., Clark, D. C., Seale, J. P., Shellenberger, S., Lyme, A., Johnson, J. A., Chhabria, A. (2012). Reinventing the reel: an innovative approach to resident skill-building in motivational interviewing for brief intervention.Substance abuse,33(3), 278-281. DAmico, E. J., Houck, J. M., Hunter, S. B., Miles, J. N., Osilla, K. C., Ewing, B. A. (2015). Group motivational interviewing for adolescents: change talk and alcohol and marijuana outcomes.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,83(1), 68. D'Amico, E. J., Hunter, S. B., Miles, J. N., Ewing, B. A., Osilla, K. C. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of a group motivational interviewing intervention for adolescents with a first time alcohol or drug offense.Journal of substance abuse treatment,45(5), 400-408. Elwyn, G., Dehlendorf, C., Epstein, R. M., Marrin, K., White, J., Frosch, D. L. (2014). Shared decision making and motivational interviewing: achieving patient-centered care across the spectrum of health care problems.The Annals of Family Medicine,12(3), 270-275. Galletly, C., Castle, D., Dark, F., Humberstone, V., Jablensky, A., Killackey, E., Tran, N. (2016). Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,50(5), 410-472. Hall, K., Staiger, P. K., Simpson, A., Best, D., Lubman, D. I. (2015). After 30 years of dissemination, have we achieved sustained practice change in motivational interviewing?.Addiction. Korman, H., Bavelas, J. B., De Jong, P. (2013). Microanalysis of formulations in solution-focused brief therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing.Journal of systemic Therapies,32(3), 31. Lundahl, B., Moleni, T., Burke, B. L., Butters, R., Tollefson, D., Butler, C., Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational interviewing in medical care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Patient education and counseling,93(2), 157-168. Madson, M. B., Mohn, R. S., Zuckoff, A., Schumacher, J. A., Kogan, J., Hutchison, S., Stein, B. (2013). Measuring client perceptions of motivational interviewing: factor analysis of the Client Evaluation of Motivational Interviewing scale.Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,44(3), 330-335. Magill, M., Gaume, J., Apodaca, T. R., Walthers, J., Mastroleo, N. R., Borsari, B., Longabaugh, R. (2014). The technical hypothesis of motivational interviewing: A meta-analysis of MIs key causal model.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,82(6), 973. Miller, W. R., Rollnick, S. (2012).Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. Guilford press. Miller, W. R., Rose, G. S. (2015). Motivational interviewing and decisional balance: contrasting responses to client ambivalence.Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy,43(02), 129-141. Monks, R., Topping, A., Newell, R. (2013). The dissonant care management of illicit drug users in medical wards, the views of nurses and patients: A grounded theory study.Journal of advanced nursing,69(4), 935-946. Riper, H., Andersson, G., Hunter, S. B., Wit, J., Berking, M., Cuijpers, P. (2014). Treatment of comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression with cognitive?behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing: A meta?analysis.Addiction,109(3), 394-406. Satre, D. D., Delucchi, K., Lichtmacher, J., Sterling, S. A., Weisner, C. (2013). Motivational interviewing to reduce hazardous drinking and drug use among depression patients.Journal of substance abuse treatment,44(3), 323-329. Schwalbe, C. S., Oh, H. Y., Zweben, A. (2014). Sustaining motivational interviewing: a meta?analysis of training studies.Addiction,109(8), 1287-1294. Smith, J. L., Carpenter, K. M., Amrhein, P. C., Brooks, A. C., Levin, D., Schreiber, E. A., Nunes, E. V. (2012). Training substance abuse clinicians in motivational interviewing using live supervision via teleconferencing.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,80(3), 450. Sussman, S., Sun, P., Rohrbach, L. A., Spruijt-Metz, D. (2012). One-year outcomes of a drug abuse prevention program for older teens and emerging adults: evaluating a motivational interviewing booster component.Health Psychology,31(4), 476. Taylor, S. (2015). A review of a primary mental health service 10 years on.Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work,27(3), 78. Tober, G., Raistrick, D. (Eds.). (2014).Motivational dialogue: Preparing addiction professionals for motivational interviewing practice. Routledge. Tollison, S. J., Mastroleo, N. R., Mallett, K. A., Witkiewitz, K., Lee, C. M., Ray, A. E., Larimer, M. E. (2013). The relationship between baseline drinking status, peer motivational interviewing microskills, and drinking outcomes in a brief alcohol intervention for matriculating college students: a replication.Behavior therapy,44(1), 137-151. Turner, N., Welches, P., Conti, S. (2015). Mindfulness-based sobriety: A clinicians treatment guide for addiction recovery using relapse prevention therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and motivational interviewing. Van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., Van Weeghel, J., Garretsen, H. F. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review.Drug and Alcohol Dependence,131(1), 23-35.

Tobacco Advertising And Its Dangerous Effects On Young People. Tobacco

Tobacco Advertising and its dangerous effects on young people. Tobacco Advertising Makes Young People Their Chief Target Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the "smooth character" from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Br istow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that "to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking"(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states " If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it "(Roberts). So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U.S. News recently featured a discussion of the smoking issue with 20 teenagers from suburban Baltimore. The group consisted of ten boys and ten girls between the ages of 15 and 17. When asked why they started smoking, they gave two contradictory reasons: They wanted to be a part of a peer group. They also wanted to reach out and rebel at the same time. " When you party, 75 to 90 percent of the kids are smoking. It makes you feel like you belong," says Devon Harris, a senior at Woodlawn High. Teens also think of smoking as a sign of independence. The more authority figures tell them not to smoke, the more likely they are to pick up the habit (Roberts). The surprising thing is that these kids know that they are being influenced by cigarette advertising. If these kids know that this advertising is manipulating them, why do they still keep smoking? The ads are everywhere, especially in teen-oriented magazines, such as Rolling Stone and Spin. The ads also fuel some of the reasons the chil dren gave for starting. They represent rebellion, independence, acceptance and happiness. These are all the things a young person, between childhood and adolescence, needs and desires. This type of advertising, on top of peer pressure, is the mystery behind the rise in adolescent smoking. How do we stop the future of America from smoking? Here are three things that the experts recommend. Try to convince your children that smoking is not cool. Talk to your kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identify family members who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas). Children are the most valuable commodity we are given in life. Let's try to educate them while they're young to be independent thinkers and to not be swayed by the tobacco companies who are trying to take advantage of their mind and body. Works Cited "Bill Clinton vs. Joe Camel." U.S. News Online. 27 Oct. 1996. "Selling Tobacco to Kids." America. 17 Feb. 1996: 3. Infotrac. Online. 27 Oct. 1996. Roberts, Steven. " Teens on tobacco; kids smoke for reasons all their own." U.S. News 18 Apr. 1996: 38. Infotrac. Online.